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energy caused by wind shear) of turbulence which is used to show dynamic stability and the formation of turbulence. 1 [YYYYMMDD]T[hhmm]Z-PT[nnnn]H[mm]M-bulk_ richardson_number.nc 3-hourly (0-144) 6-hourly (150-168) Instantaneous cloud amount below 1000ft ASL Fraction of horizontal grid square occupied

energy caused by wind shear) of turbulence which is used to show dynamic stability and the formation of turbulence. 1 [YYYYMMDD]T[hhmm]Z-PT[nnnn]H[mm]M-bulk_ richardson_number.nc 3-hourly (0-144) 6-hourly (150- 168) Instantaneous cloud amount below 1000ft ASL Fraction of horizontal grid square

Convection WG Overview Model Issues Timing of convective initiation Spatial structure of convection Methods Robustness Rainfall amounts Elevated Convection Observations Rain (radar + satellite) Profiles (aircraft + sondes) Cloud (radar + satellite) Amounts, distribution, cell statistics etc

of the properties of convective clouds have been made by international field studies, such BOMEX, RICO, TOGA-COARE and TWP-ICE.  But it is challenging to get enough detail from these data to study the small-scale processes often responsible for initiating convection.  Further insight can be gained

Areas of expertise Clouds, water vapour and radiation. Use of satellite data for climate studies. Climate model development and evaluation. Current activities Mark manages the Climate sensitivity and feedbacks group which is part of Understanding Climate Change. The team seeks to understand

were the 4th highest for August in a series from 1919, with 132% of average. 1st to 4th Cloud over the Midlands and south-east cleared away to leave sunshine for all for a time on the 1st, but cloud increased with rain, occasionally heavy, spreading from the west into central and northern areas from

Anglia died out by lunchtime, with the cloud thinning and breaking through the afternoon. Most areas were frosty early on the 8th, then mostly sunny for a time, but cloud soon increased from the west, with rain reaching the southwest by mid-morning making slow and erratic progress eastwards

Named after the German mountain on which is was first noted, a Brocken spectre is a large shadow of an observer cast onto cloud or mist.

and at a considerable distance away from them. The sun shining behind the observer projects their shadow through the mist, while the magnification of the shadow is an optical illusion which makes the shadow on nearby clouds seem at the same distance at faraway landmarks seen through the cloud. Similarly, the shadow

Peter currently works on the satellite-based (and ground-based) cloud products that are assimilated into the UK area model, UKV.

Areas of expertise Infrared satellite remote sensing Data assimilation Information content of observations Cloud products Current activities Peter’s work is on the surface-based ‘SurfaceCloud’ and satellite-based ‘GeoCloud’ products that are assimilated into the UKV model. These are both methods

. The lightning information from LEELA is delivered in Met Office bulletins, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. LEELA is more sensitive to cloud to ground lightning than in-cloud lightning and does not discriminate between these different forms of lightning in its bulletins. Resolution: Although LEELA