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to protect themselves from too much water loss. Likewise, when it is wet they can open their stomata to allow more CO 2 in to aid growth. Figure 1 shows this flow of water and CO 2 through a plant and how it can affect rainfall and the flow of water into rivers. Evapotranspiration Plant water uptake

, with regions named in the text labelled. Data are from HadISST1.2. Melt season review Summer 2021 was warmer than the 1981-2010 average, but substantially cooler than those of 2019 and 2020, which were successive record warm summers (Figure 3). The summer was consistently stormy throughout most

for both methods throughout the melt season (Figure 4). This is likely because the immediate effect of the July Arctic Dipole was to cause an Arctic-wide drop in ice concentration, which did not feed through into ice extent until much later in the season. Figure 4. An evaluation of predictions of 2023

era, according to HadISST1.2, with linear trend indicated. Figure 2. Arctic sea ice extent in September 2020, compared to the record low year of 2012 and the 1981-2010 average, with regions named in the text labelled. Data are from HadISST1.2. Melt season review Summer 2020 was exceptionally warm

was notably, although not exceptionally, warm. Two very warm periods occurred early and late in the season, both of which corresponded with rapid sea ice loss. However, for the middle of the melting season conditions were cooler with near-average ice loss. Predictions of September 2022 sea ice tended

, with linear trend indicated.   Figure 2. Arctic sea ice extent in September 2019, compared to the record low year of 2012 and the 1981-2010 average, with regions named in the text labelled. Data are from HadISST1.2.   Melt season review Summer 2019 was exceptionally warm in the Arctic (Figure 3