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spring and summer of 2025 were the hottest on record. During spring and summer seasons the UK experienced periods dominated by high-pressure systems resulting in high temperatures, clear-skies, and extended dry conditions. This contributed to 2025 also being the sunniest year on record for the UK

of the key warnings issued. The summer was wetter than average and warmer. There were three significant hot spells with a record maximum temperature recorded on 25 th August. WL noted that the UK’s weather warning service is still internationally recognised as a leading service, however

issued and those that were tended to be for convective rainfall events. There was a wet start for a period in June then overall some short periods of heat reaching a max of 34 degrees. The temperature for the period was +0.6⁰C above the long term average. A persistent challenge especially for the summer

is the current La Niña event, marked by cooler-than-usual sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean which are generally associated with modified global weather patterns that make many tropical land regions wetter and cooler. These increase plant growth, temporarily increasing the uptake

) showing an increased chance of warmer, wetter winters and hotter, drier summers along with an increase in the frequency and intensity of extremes. This is seen in the Probabilistic (25km), Global (60km), Regional (12km) and Local (2.2km) projections.” www.metoffice.gov.uk www.metoffice.gov.uk 11

on a section of the work in UKCP. • The Headline Findings can be found here: Headline Findings. • Statements such as: “General climate change trends projected over UK land for the 21st century in UKCP18 are broadly consistent with earlier projections (UKCP09) showing an increased chance of warmer, wetter

. The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south west is from this source. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of rainfall falls from showers

., 2022) and with these 30 grouped together into 8 patterns (McSweeney & Thornton, 2020). Both approaches find that the weather types compare well with recent observations in the recent climate. Both also project a tendency towards more wet and unsettled conditions over the UK in winter under a high

. But in industries such as transport, renewable energy and food security, people need to look further ahead to what the next season, few years or even decades, could hold. Over the past four years, the Met Office has been coordinating a ground-breaking project to improve climate services in Europe: EUPORIAS. 11

to determine which hazard to prioritise. Hazards may operate on different timescales, such as a seasonal timescale (severe wet season, severe winter, extended heat wave), a monthly timescale (severe wet period, cold, hot period), a weekly timescale (typhoons, hurricanes), a daily timescale