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in all areas across the UK. We can also see that whilst some areas have become drier, more areas have become wetter. IMPACTS Cities and towns across the UK are already experiencing the impacts of climate change. The negative impacts of climate change for urban areas may include: HEAT Increased energy

(left) and rainfall (right) from 1991-2020 compared to a baseline period of 1961-1990. We can see that temperatures have risen in all areas across the UK. We can also see that whilst some areas have become drier, more areas have become wetter. IMPACTS Cities and towns across the UK are already

that is being li ed and cooled below its dew point. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic Lows are more vigorous in autumn and winter and bring most of the rain that falls in these seasons. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms

in temperature (left) and rainfall (right) from 1991-2020 compared to a baseline period of 1961-1990. We can see that temperatures have risen in all areas across the UK. We can also see that whilst some areas have become drier, more areas have become wetter. IMPACTS Cities and towns across the UK

see that temperatures have risen in all areas across the UK. We can also see that whilst some areas have become drier, more areas have become wetter. IMPACTS Cities and towns across the UK are already experiencing the impacts of climate change. The negative impacts of climate change for urban areas

areas have become drier, more areas have become wetter. IMPACTS Cities and towns across the UK are already experiencing the impacts of climate change. The negative impacts of climate change for urban areas may include: HEAT Increased energy demand for summer cooling SEA LEVEL RISE Increased risk

of the wet season in semiarid tropical climates of western Africa. Int J Climatol 21:1251– 1262 Sijikumar S, Roucou P, Fontaine B (2006) Monsoon onset over Sudan- Sahel: simulation by the regional scale model MM5. Geophys Res Lett 33: L03814. doi:10.1029/2005GL024819 Sivakumar MVK (1988) Predicting

in these seasons. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of rain falls from showers and thunderstorms then. A further factor that greatly affects the rainfall distribution is altitude. Moist air that is forced to ascend hills may

in percentages. The outlook uses 3 categories, linked to previous observed UK conditions, for possible UK temperature, precipitation and wind speed in the coming season: COLD, NEAR AVERAGE and MILD for temperature WET, NEAR AVERAGE and DRY for precipitation CALM, NEAR AVERAGE and WINDY for wind speed

is not sufficient to assess model projections. Direct investigation of the mechanisms for future precipitation change is also important, and existing efforts in this area have generated valuable hypothesis about the potential drivers of wet and dry responses [e.g., Biasutti et al., 2008, 2009; Monerie et al