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Despite cold weather closing out autumn, it has been a mild season overall, especially across the southern half of the UK.

Wales this was the warmest autumn on record, marginally warmer than 2011 and 2006. Autumn rainfall It has been a wet autumn across the UK, except for western Scotland, with parts of eastern Scotland, north-east and eastern England, southern England and the east of Northern Ireland receiving over 150

Assessing the use and benefits of weather and climate information services in Pakistan Final report for the Asia Resilience to a changing climate programme August 2022 3 Authors University of Leeds Marta Bruno Soares Linas Svolkinas Hellen Msemo Natalie Suckall ICIMOD Mandira Shrestha Mani Nepal

of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This occurs because La Niña cools the ocean temperature and modifies tropical weather patterns, making many land regions wetter and allowing plants to grow better and absorb more CO2.  2016 saw a record rise due to a near-record El Niño event in addition to high

of a particular place is often described in seasonal periods (e.g. summer/ winter or rainy/ dry season) over the cycle of the year.   The climate can also naturally vary between different years due to the process of Earth system cycles, especially those associated with large circulations of the oceans

to the west creates an environment that is frequently cool, dull and wet. However, the Pennines can cause the cloud to break up downwind, meaning warmer days but cooler nights. If low winter temperatures coincide with high winter precipitation, heavy winter snowfall may occur across Kirklees. Snowfall

experiences more cloudy, wet and windy weather than regions further east. Some upland areas experience harsh weather whilst coastal and lower lying areas enjoy more favourable conditions. Winter mean daily minimum temperatures vary from 0°C in high parts of north and mid-Wales to 3 or 4°C around the coast

and the Met Office predicts there could be an increased water requirement for maize irrigation by the middle of the century which will increase the risk of extreme water shortages in the NFR (Xu et al. 2019). These water shortages are projected to occur mid-season, an important developmental time

findings from UK Climate Projections (UKCP) indicate that on average, summers will become hotter. Met Office UKCP Local projections indicate that hot spells will become more frequent in our future climate, particularly over the south-east of the UK, with temperatures projected to rise in all seasons

decades. • Over land the projected general trends of climate changes in the 21 st century are similar to UKCP09, with a move towards warmer, wetter winters and hotter, drier summers. However, natural variations mean that some cold winters, some dry winters, some cool summers and some wet summers

and wetter conditions are influencing barn owl nesting habits and sightings. These changes can disrupt breeding cycles and reduce the availability of prey, threatening the long-term viability of local populations. In coastal regions such as Kent, rising sea-surface temperatures are contributing