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is gained. A climate of a particular place is often described in seasonal periods (e.g. summer/ winter or rainy/ dry season) over the cycle of the year. The climate can also naturally vary between different years due to the process of Earth system cycles, especially those associated with large

of the month saw a drop in temperatures, with rural areas experiencing the first frosts of the season. Our monthly stats are online: Meteorological autumn has started with temperatures around average for many. September 2025 was a wet month for much of the UK, though not enough to trouble any

to the surface the issues around communicating a ‘deterministic’ forecast. Many extension officers simply communicated that the season would be ‘wet’ and therefore the farmers should invest in crops. One particular group misunderstood the forecast, and farmers interpreted the 40% chance of ‘wet’ as being a 60

in extreme weather and climate events has exposed millions of people to acute food insecurity and reduced water security”. This is particularly evident across communities in Africa, Asia, Central and South America and Small Island States. In some oceanic regions, ocean warming and ocean acidification have

that falls in these seasons. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of rain falls from showers and thunderstorms then. A further factor that greatly affects the rainfall distribution is altitude. Moist air that is forced to ascend hills

to 24 hours earlier, with double figures likely in many places. Alongside the warmth, wet and windy weather will return, particularly in the northwest where strong winds are expected Thursday night into Friday. Weekend outlook The weekend could bring some interesting developments. A low-pressure

distribution to air frost. However, those places into which cold air can drain are particularly prone to frost. Examples include Altnaharra (Highland) with an average of 73 air frosts per year. In Northern Scotland the frost-free season is o en as little as 3 months, as shown by the average

member of RCM-PPE that gives lower PSS values though). This is consistent with the large (and significant) cold and wet biases seen in the north of the UK in this model in this season (Figures 16 and 18). The nested CPM-MRI reduces the contribution to the total rainfall from days with high rainfall

hours. Notable weather Storm Ashley, the first named storm of the 2024/25 season, brought wet and windy weather to the UK between 20-21 October with the strongest winds across north-western areas. While crossing the Atlantic the area of low pressure interacted with a powerful jet stream

the engagement with the government regarding Storm Bert and Darragh. The autumn season had been characterised by wet and windy conditions. Lynn Mawdsley (Non-Executive Director and Audit and Risk Assurance Committee (ARAC) Chair) provided a verbal report on the meeting the previous day. ARAC had met