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to the formation of cumulonimbus clouds, towering, dense clouds capable of producing heavy rain, hail, and lightning. Lightning is a massive electrical discharge caused by the separation of positive and negative charges within a storm cloud. As the storm develops, ice particles and hailstones collide

. Breezy conditions will persist, and temperatures will hover near or slightly below seasonal averages. Monday night will see a shift to drier conditions for many, though showers in the north will drift southward, concentrating along North Sea coastal counties. Cloud cover will increase in the far

of the atmosphere model to the surface model, where soil moisture has been shown to affect initiation. Much of the above is based on comparisons between model and observations for surface rainfall. It is possible that updrafts or clouds may compare better to observations and that the issue is related

interlude, it turned wet almost everywhere by the 10th. Around mid-month there was a spell of warm, humid, showery weather with thunderstorms especially in central, western and southern areas, and persistent low cloud along the northeast coast. There was a hot sunny spell especially over England from

also see isolated highs above 30°C. Elsewhere, temperatures will generally range from the low to mid-20s Celsius, with Shetland remaining cooler in the mid to high teens. Coastal areas, particularly in southwest England and Wales, will feel cooler compared to Tuesday. Medium-level cloud may produce

of rain 🌧️ pic.twitter.com/KQPqvUGmui — Met Office (@metoffice) September 21, 2025 Monday night will bring clear skies for many, allowing a patchy rural frost to develop, particularly in northern and western areas. Variable cloud and a few coastal showers will persist in the north and east

Friday will begin dry and fine for many areas, with long spells of sunshine. However, the sunshine will become increasingly hazy as the day progresses. Eastern and southeastern England may see more cloud, with some showers likely during the morning, but these will fade into the afternoon, allowing

also see isolated highs above 30°C. Elsewhere, temperatures will generally range from the low to mid-20s Celsius, with Shetland remaining cooler in the mid to high teens. Coastal areas, particularly in southwest England and Wales, will feel cooler compared to Tuesday. Medium-level cloud may produce

for much of England, especially the south-west, and also south Wales, but elsewhere cloud was more variable. The second half was generally more unsettled with frequent westerly and south-westerly winds, but with an exceptionally hot spell from the 22nd to 26th which saw record-breaking temperatures

prescribed sea surface temperatures. It is recommended to base the simulations on the OSTIA sea surface temperature analysis, or a similar product. 8. Cloud droplet number concentrations Aerosol or CCN concentrations are not specified. We suggest, however, to fix the cloud droplet number