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the day-time maximum. In either situation this makes a comparison with the daily records invalid. We do not quote highest/lowest maximum/minimum day-time and night-time records separately. The main reason is that manual climate stations only report daily 0900-0900 UTC maximum and minimum temps

Quantifying and reducing uncertainty in climate change, through understanding and improving the representation of key processes.

This area of research involves the design, building, evaluation and improvement of climate models informed by knowledge of the mechanisms of past, present and future climates. The scientific focus is on gaining understanding and improving the representation of key processes that are critical for climate variability and change on global and regional scales. Related pages Climate change scientists  

Description of research and applications of the impacts of climate variability on monthly to seasonal timescales.

Predictions and climate model output often refer to large-scale phenomena (e.g. ENSO, NAO) or give information on large-area averages. The variables for which predictions are made are most often meteorological (e.g. temperature, rainfall). Users' needs are typically related to their economic

Find out about how we can help you manage the risks and realise the opportunities associated with day-to-day weather, extreme events and future climate conditions.

The impact of extreme weather events are identified by global industry leaders as one of the most significant risks to their businesses (World Economic Forum – 2025 Global Risk Report). Our consultants work with you to understand how these weather and climate impacts affect your business

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have demonstrated potential for their application in weather forecasting, the crossovers with climate science suggests that similar progress is possible in climate modelling.

Climate models are numerical representations of the Earth system (including components such as the atmosphere, ocean and land) that are used to explore long-term changes to the underlying statistical distributions that govern day-to-day weather. Developments in climate models have typically come

Providing advice on the impact of climate variability and change for security.

Climate science has made huge progress in understanding the dynamics of climate variability and change over the last few decades, with climate models being a valuable tool for understanding the future climate. However, there remains a gap between the type of information climate projections provide

Analysing climate change and its impacts in the urban environment.

Urbanisation results in significant modification of local climates, the most apparent expression of this being the urban heat island. The global urban population now exceeds the rural population, and the urban population may exceed six billion by the 2050s. Therefore, society and our urban

Improving our understanding of the role of the oceans and the cryosphere (ice) in the climate system.

Changes in sea ice and land ice have important climate feedbacks, through albedo and ocean circulation. The melt of land ice results in sea level rise. Sea ice cover seasonally insulates the atmosphere from the ocean preventing the exchange of heat and gases. The formation of sea ice during winter

Developing observational data; monitoring and interpreting climate variations and change.

Climate information and statistics, based on many types of surface, atmospheric and marine measurements, are produced on national to global scales. Climate models are used to attribute causes of past climate change that are seen within the observations. The datasets produced by our scientists are also used by other science areas. Scientific users throughout the world access the data and statistics via the HadObs website.

Climate impacts research investigates the impacts of climate change and variability on Earth and human systems including water resources, agriculture, ecosystems, health and energy.

A key activity is the development and application of impacts models that simulate a number of terrestrial processes interactively. Using the output from these models, in addition to more complex Earth System Models, we can address the increasing requirements for more detailed climate impact information necessary to underpin both adaptation planning and mitigation advice.