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The range of ways in which clouds can be formed and the variable nature of the atmosphere results in an enormous variety of shapes, sizes and textures of clouds.

What is a cloud? Many people believe that clouds are just made of water vapour (a gas). However, this is not strictly true. Water vapour is invisible, and it is around us all the time in the air. Sometimes there is more water vapour in the air and it feels humid or muggy. Other times, the air has

frequencies, which pass through the ionosphere. During solar flares the intense burst of radiation interferes with the ionosphere, absorbing HF communications signals and causing radio blackouts on the sun-lit side of the Earth. During geomagnetic and solar radiation storms the ionosphere is modified

June, largely focussed in the Laptev, and later the East Siberian, Sea. This was likely caused by prolonged warm southerly winds from Siberia associated with the notable Siberian heatwave (see also July briefing). In the first three weeks of July two more notable bursts of warm advection from Siberia

as an invasive species which produces pollen after pollen burst. Can we link pollen bursts to people visiting GP surgeries? We should do more on phenology modelling to improve links to health warnings What sort of public health interventions can be done for pollen? People need to know what pollen

, by reducing global emissions and improving flood defences. Floods can also happen when heavy rainfall overwhelms drainage systems or bursts river banks. In heavily concreted urban areas and cities, the effect is more severe because the water cannot sink directly into the soil. Flooding causes

January 2020 – The Met Office participates in a field campaign on Clouds, Circulation and Climate Sensitivity out of the Caribbean island of Barbados with UK, European and American partners.

From 20th of January to 20th of February 2020 the observational field campaign EUREC4A (Elucidating the role of clouds-circulation coupling in climate) will take place, with operations based out of the Caribbean island of Barbados (Fig 1). EUREC4A is a European initiative that, together

that they are going to be reaching out and actually touching the objects that are so formative in shaping our futures as well as our history. I had cause to reflect on that recently as I travelled through the South Kensington subway bursting at the seams with children enjoying their half term outings. I was on my

forecasting: monitoring CME may not yet be visible in coronagraph so forecaster monitors early warning signs: • Monitor ARs for flares as can be associated with CMEs • Any filaments disappeared? – often associated with CMEs • Type II radio burst? – radio emission at CME shock front • Any coronal

when temperatures are high and humidity is low and there is a wind. Flood Plain Flat land by a river that frequently may become covered by water when the 36 Fog Humidity La Niña Normal rainfall Onset Probability Rain Gauge Thermometer Warning river rises and bursts its banks. Ground level cloud