HadUK-Grid Frequently Asked Questions
Further information about the UK gridded climate datasets.
Questions
- How accurate are the grids?
- What quality control has been applied?
- How many observations were used to produce the grids?
- Why are there no data before 1961 for many variables?
- How often are new grids added to the website and when will data for the most recent years be added?
- Why are the monthly temperature (rainfall) grids not equal to the average (sum) of the corresponding daily grids?
- Why are the daily temperature maxima and minima for different 24-hour periods?
- The Met Office uses two types of sunshine recorder. How does this affect the sunshine grids?
- How are the monthly wind statistics calculated?
- Why is the period 1961 to 1990 used for the long-term averages?
- What advantages do gridded data have, compared to station data?
- How is mean temperature recorded as part of HadUK-Grid?
Answers
How accurate are the grids?
An indication of the quality and accuracy of the grid values is given by the root-mean-square Errors (RMSE) at verification stations. For the daily grids, the RMSE values averaged over each day of a test year are as follows:
| Climate variable | Verification RMSE |
|---|---|
| Rainfall amount | 1.23 mm |
| Mean temperature | 0.94 °C |
| Maximum temperature | 1.06 °C |
| Minimum temperature | 1.27 °C |
For the monthly grids, the average RMSE values for 12 test months are as follows:
| Climate variable | Verification RMSE |
|---|---|
| Rainfall amount | 16 mm |
| Mean temperature | 0.36 °C |
| Maximum temperature | 0.66 °C |
| Minimum temperature | 0.45 °C |
RMSE values for monthly grids of other climate variables and for annual grids are given in the paper 'Generation of monthly gridded data sets for a range of climatic variables over the UK' (PDF, 590 kb). This also provides further details of how the RMS errors were calculated.
What quality control has been applied?
The station observations used to produce the grids have undergone a quality control process which corrects or removes erroneous data. An additional check comparing station observations to the earlier UKCP09 gridded dataset was conducted to remove any remaining questionable historical data. No attempt was made to homogenise the input data.
How many observations were used to produce the grids?
The number of stations used as input to the gridding varies with time, partly due to changes in the size of the observing network and partly due to the availability of digitised data. A typical starting year for daily and monthly data is 1961, although some monthly data have been digitised further back (see Q4). During the period 1961 to 2000, the average number of stations used is shown in the following table.
|
Climate variable |
Average no. of stations |
|
Monthly temperature |
540 |
|
Daily temperature |
555 |
|
Monthly rainfall |
4600 |
|
Daily rainfall |
4200 |
|
Sunshine duration |
300 |
|
Ground frost |
340 |
|
Pressure and humidity |
85 |
|
Wind speed (1969-2000) |
100 |
|
Snow lying (1971-2000) |
460 |
Why are there no data before 1961 for many variables.
To create gridded data sets, observations from an evenly distributed network of stations are needed in digital format. For many climate variables, sufficient data only exist in the Met Office electronic databases from 1961. However, as a result of a programme to digitise published station records, the monthly sunshine series extend back to 1910 and the monthly air temperature to 1884 and rainfall series back to 1836.
How often are new grids added to the website and when will data for the most recent years be added?
A new version of HadUK-Grid is produced each year. This includes data for the most recent calendar year as well as any updates to earlier data e.g. to reflect the addition of newly digitised historical observations into the dataset. These annual releases are made available via the CEDA Archive.
Provisional data for recent months are added to the Met Office web site shortly after the end of each month. https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/4dc8450d889a491ebb20e724debe2dfb
Why are the monthly temperature (rainfall) grids not equal to the average (sum) of the corresponding daily grids?
The monthly grids were prepared using monthly station data as input and then, later, daily grids were produced using daily station data as input. Hence these were separate interpolation exercises. Comparisons between the monthly grids and the average/sum of the daily grids were carried out, confirming that the largest differences tend to occur over upland areas. However, no adjustments have been made to make the two types of grid equivalent.
Why are the daily temperature maxima and minima for different 24-hour periods?
Conventionally, maximum and minimum temperatures are recorded for 24-hour periods ending at 0900 UTC each day. Maximum temperatures tend to occur during mid-afternoon, so the relevant maximum for a given calendar day is the one recorded between 0900 on the day in question and 0900 on the following day. However, minimum temperatures generally occur around dawn, so the relevant minimum temperature for a given calendar day is the one recorded between 0900 on the previous day and 0900 on the day in question.
The Met Office uses two types of sunshine recorder. How does this affect the sunshine grids?
The majority of the sunshine duration observations in the Met Office’s historical records were made using a Campbell-Stokes recorder. However, nearly two-thirds of the current observing network now use a Kipp & Zonen sunshine sensor (the first such sensors were installed in 2000). The characteristics of the two instruments are not identical and therefore some adjustment of the observations to a common standard is required. Currently, Kipp & Zonen monthly totals are adjusted to Campbell-Stokes equivalent values prior to generating the sunshine grids. The correction methodology is described in a paper by A. Kerr and R. Tabony: 'Comparison of sunshine recorded by Campbell-Stokes and automatic sensors' (Weather, April 2004, vol. 59,90-95), but additional overlapped data was used by M. Perry in 2007 to produce improved monthly adjustment factors: Perry M. 2007. 'Updated Comparison of Sunshine Duration Recorded by Campbell–Stokes and Automatic Sensors' (Published as National Climate Information Centre Memorandum no. 27 (2011). National Meteorological Library: Exeter, UK).
How are the monthly wind statistics calculated?
The standard exposure for wind sensors is at 10 m above ground in an open, level area (such as an airfield). Hourly observations of mean wind speed are used to calculate monthly means which are then interpolated to the 1 x 1 km grid, taking into account altitude. The resulting grid therefore reflects general topography (e.g. hills, and coasts) but not the sheltering effect of urban or forested areas. The speeds are in knots, the internationally agreed meteorological unit (1 knot = 0.514 m/sec = 1.15 mph.).
Why is the period 1961 to 1990 used for the long-term averages?
The 30-year period 1961 to 1990 has been designated as the international standard reference period for climate change assessment by the World Meteorological Organization. Averages for other standard periods (e.g. 1981 to 2010 and 1991 to 2020) have also been produced for the UK.
What advantages do gridded data have, compared to station data?
The advantages of gridded data include:
- regional values can be produced for any arbitrary area (county, unitary authority, river catchment, etc.) with greater accuracy and consistency
- they facilitate the creation of contoured or colour-shaded maps, e.g. of 30-year averages
- they can be combined with other spatial data, such as transport routes, to study links between them
- less reliance on a weather station network that is irregularly spaced and changing with time
- reliable climate estimates for points some distance from weather stations, e.g. in upland areas
- a consistent series of climate data, enabling comparisons to be made in time and space
- a complete series of climate data, without missing values (a problem to which weather stations can be prone)
How is mean temperature recorded as part of HadUK-Grid?
HadUK-Grid includes values of maximum, minimum and mean temperature.
Daily mean temperature is the average of the daily maximum and daily minimum temperatures (these are described in a separate FAQ).
Monthly temperatures are the average of the daily temperatures (similarly for seasonal and annual values). This applies to the maximum, minimum and mean e.g. monthly maximum temperature is the average of the daily maxima, monthly mean temperature is the average of the daily mean temperatures.
Values for geographical areas (e.g. the UK) are obtained by averaging all the grid point values within that area. This applies to all temperature variables (daily/monthly/seasonal/annual and maximum/minimum/mean).