ENSEMBLES (EN3) quality controlled T and S profiles - changes from EN2
======================================================================

Updated input data sources
==========================

WOD05 (World Ocean Database 2005) is used in place of WOD01
      (main copy taken on 4 July 2006, 1990 onwards updated 4 October 2006)
GTSPP is used to supplement WOD05 for 1990 onwards 
      (copy of the "best" datasets 6 October 2006)
ARGO data from US-GODAE is used for recent years - this is 
  mainly to pick up salinity bias corrections, where available, 
  from the delayed mode processing (copy taken 7 September 2006)

Revised climatology
===================

The climatology is used to provide the initial conditions, 
and in data voids the "objective analysis" and background 
fields relax towards the monthly climatology.  
For EN2 we used the World Ocean Atlas 1998 (WOA98) climatology - 
interpolated as necessary.  

For EN3 a monthly climatology was constructed from the 
1971-2000 EN2 objective analyses.  Both WOA98 and this 
30-year climatology showed bulls-eyes at some levels/months.  
The bulls-eyes were reduced by horizontal smoothing and 
also a 1-2-1 time smoothing 
(eg Tjan,final = 0.25*Tdec + 0.5*Tjan + 0.25Tfeb).  

Constant value check
====================

The check for salinity was changed to match that for temperature 
(so if 90% of salinity values covering at least 100 m are 
identical then all the salinities are rejected).  

Reject-lists
============

XBT values more than 950 m deep and less than 4 m deep are 
rejected (in EN2 XBT values were rejected below 1000 m).  
All reports in the Black Sea are rejected (due to limitations 
in our current system).  

There are also more specific rejections.  
Timeseries of T300 and S300 (temperature and salinity averaged 
over the top 300m) for various regions of the globe have been 
examined for spikes.  In some cases these can be related to 
clear or probable biases/errors in individual cruises 
(usually the worst values have been flagged, but sufficient 
bad data remains to compromise the analysis fields).  

Table 1a.  Suspect cruises rejected 1950-1997

YYYY.MM     Ident.   Type  No   Area                  Rejected
1963.06     606734   MBT    15  Atl: Gulf of Guinea   T
1964.01-12  712?00   OSD   183  Eq. East Pacific      S
1964.12     294      OSD    12  Eq. East Pacific      S
1965.08-09  14788    OSD    88  Indian Ocean          S
1969.05-10  1533168  OSD   148  Central Pacific       T&S

1974.05     4574435  XBT   168  Indian + Med. + Atl.  T
1975.02-03  1396335  OSD    36  Eq. Pacific           S
1978.04-07  1567399  OSD    75  Atlantic Ocean        S

1980.02-03  71001    OSD    27  Eq. Pacific           S
1980.02-05  556      OSD   114  Indian Ocean          S
1980.03     1399350  OSD    27  SW Pacific            S
1982.01     33696    OSD     4  Indian Ocean          S
1982.01-03  604      OSD   112  Indian Ocean          S
1984.06     6618302  XBT     6  N Atlantic            T
1984.07-08  6618402  XBT    19  N Atlantic            T
1984.09-12  12389093 XBT   245  Indian Ocean          T
1984.10-11  1401411  OSD    36  S Pacific             S
1985.05*    976777   OSD    28  N Atlantic            S    (* lat > 20)
1985.07-09  1356733  CTD   172  NW Pacific            S
1985.10     1356733  CTD    22  NW Pacific            T&S
1985.11-12  938613   CTD     8  SE Pacific            S
1987.01     991865   CTD    17  Eq. Atlantic          S
1987.02-04  1367033  CTD    79  Indian Ocean          S
1987.10     1427916  CTD    44  S Pacific             S
1988.06     791444   OSD    16  Indian Ocean          S
1988.09-10  71412809 CTD    92  NW Atlantic           S
1988.12     12653882 XBT    17  S Atlantic            T
1989.01-02  12653882 XBT    17  S Atlantic            T
1989.02-05  1543962  OSD   161  NW Pacific            S
1989.07     776844   OSD    26  S Atlantic            S

1990.01     1046031  OSD   105  Indian                S
1990.06     884209   CTD    22  NW Atlantic           T&S
1990.06     852812   OSD    10  Eq Atlantic           T&S
1990.08     14270697 XBT    62  S Atlantic            T
1991.03     1323     OSD    28  S China Sea           S
1991.06     14283997 XBT    54  Mid Atlantic          T    aka HOQT
1991.07     14285097 XBT    53  Mid Atlantic          T    aka HOQT
1991.09     14286897 XBT    48  Mid Atlantic          T    aka HOQT
1991.10     14288097 XBT    16  Mid Atlantic          T    aka HOQT
1991.10     FTCS     CTD    45  S Pacific             S
1992.01     453      OSD    92  W Pacific             S
1992.01     003      XBT    24  Eq Atlantic           T    0-30N 20W-10E
1992.02     ELHL6    CTD     1  C Atlantic            T&S  (XBTs OK)
1992-1993   0059     PFL    67  N Atlantic            T    (2 in 1994 missed)
1992.03-05  WTER     CTD    76  S Atlantic            T&S
1992.03-04  SHIP     CTD    24  Eq Atlantic           T&S  10S-10N, 15-0W
1993.03     11437316 XBT    79  N Atlantic            T    aka DAKE
1993.09     44109    CTD     9  Arabian Sea           S
1993.12     1002634  CTD    23  N Atlantic            S
1994.06-08  3077112  OSD   156  NW Pacific            T&S
1994.07-08  3077232  OSD    33  NW Pacific            T&S
1994.09     1282177  CTD    12  NE Pacific            S    W of 140W
1995.02     1687244  CTD    12  N Pacific             S
1995.03     14332515 XBT    21  C/N Atlantic          T    aka 9HVO3
1995.04     14334615 XBT    13  C/N Atlantic          T    aka 9HVO3?
1995.05     14335815 XBT     2  C/N Atlantic          T    aka 9HVO3?
1995.05     14155613 XBT    11  Indian Ocean          T    E of 30E
1995.04     LOPD     CTD    36  S Atlantic            S
1995.06     0250     PFL     2  S Atlantic            T
1996.04     17103    PFL     1  Indian Ocean          T
1996.04,07  17067    PFL     3  Indian Ocean          T
1996.08     14362921 XBT    48  C/N Atlantic          T    aka 3ETQ5
1997.06     980213   CTD    53  Indian Ocean          S
1997.08     17124    PFL     1  Indian Ocean          T
1997.08     17133    PFL     1  Indian Ocean          T
1997.08-12  17220    PFL    9+  N Atlantic            S
1997.08-12  17221    PFL    9+  N Atlantic            S


Table 1b.  Summary of suspect cruises rejected 1990-2005

      No rej   PFL  XBT  CTD    Temp Salt     Num
                        /OSD                 ARGO
1990       4     0    1    3       3    1
1991       6     0    4    2       4    2
1992       6     1    1    4       5    1
1993       4     1    1    2       2    2
1994       3     0    0    3       2    1
1995       7     1    4    2       5    2
1996       3     2    1    0       3    0
1997       5     4    0    1       2    3
1998      18    18    0    0       6   12
1999      16    16    0    0       2   14     311
2000      20    19    0    1       3   17     371
2001      14    13    0    1       0   14     572
2002       8     8    0    0       1    7     888
2003      49    47    2    0      24   25    1264
2004     115   114    1    0      78   37    1855
2005     165   164    1    0     111   54    2555

Notes

1. The number of distinct buoys in the ARGO GDAC archive 
(Num ARGO) is included for comparison in table 1b.  
2. If temperature is rejected, the whole report, including 
salinity is rejected.  
3. The 1950s weren't examined manually as being of lower priority.  
4. In general I have given reports the benefit of the doubt if they 
look "marginal" to me.  There is of course subjective judgement in 
these decisions.  There is also a risk that a few identifiers, 
dates etc have been typed in incorrectly so that rejections aren't 
as intended. 
5. Through most of the period suspect reports/cruises were identified 
by looking for large and "unphysical" anomalies from climatology 
in fields of temperature and salinity averaged over the top 300 m 
(and in some cases 3000 m).  Both plotted monthly fields and 
regional timeseries were used.  
6. From about 1998 increasing numbers of profilers came to 
dominate the rejection list (and precluded listing individual 
identifiers in this table).  From about 2003 profilers listed 
in the Argo greylist were examined and most of them were rejected 
- plus other profilers which were found to be erroneous or highly 
suspicious, see the argo_notes file for more details.  
The volume of profiler data in recent years probably masks some 
errors from ship-based reports.  

Bruce Ingleby    26 January 2007