Space Weather

Space Weather

Space weather describes changing environmental conditions in near-Earth space. Magnetic fields, radiation, particles and matter, which have been ejected from the Sun, can interact with the Earth’s upper atmosphere and surrounding magnetic field to produce a  variety of effects.

Image courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams

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Aurora forecasts

Northern Hemisphere

The aurora is most likely to be near background levels through much of the period. However glancing CME interactions and a coronal hole fast wind may result in limited enhancement to the auroral oval at times. This may bring some glimpses from far northern parts of the UK or similar latitudes if they coincide with hours of darkness and clear skies.

Southern Hemisphere

The aurora is most likely to be near background levels through much of the period. However glancing CME interactions and a coronal hole fast wind may result in limited enhancement to the auroral oval at times.

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Forecast overview

Space Weather Forecast Headline: Further Moderate flares expected (R1/R2 blackouts). Chance of isolated Minor Geomagnetic Storm intervals from Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) or fast wind effects.

Solar Activity: Activity is currently Moderate with several Moderate-class flares observed in the past 24 hours. The largest of these occurred at 24/2259UTC from the large complex in the southwest. This broad cluster of regions carry a large percentage of the current flare risk, with the spots magnetically connected and a large amount of flux associated with them, suggesting a potential for Strong flares. However, with this group approaching the western limb it is becoming increasingly difficult to analyse. There are seventeen region in total on the disc. Of these, a region in the northwest has developed magnetic complexity, and looks like two separate regions which have pushed together. A further region in the southeast is also showing some minor magnetic complexity. 

Multiple Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) have been observed in coronagraph imagery over the previous 24hrs, with some potential for the odd glancing blow at Earth. 

Solar Wind / Geomagnetic Activity: Solar winds were at background levels. Wind speeds varied between 330-380km/s. The Interplanetary Magnetic Field was weak, with the north-south component also varying weakly. Geomagnetic activity was Quiet (Kp1-2). 

Energetic Particles / Solar Radiation: The count rate of energetic particles (high energy protons) remained at background levels with no solar radiation storms observed.

Four-Day Space Weather Forecast Summary

Solar Activity: Moderate activity is expected to continue at first, with a slight chance of isolated Strong flares. The cluster of regions in the southwest will fully rotate off the disc late on Day 2 (26 Apr). The flare risk is then expected to decline during Day 3 (27 Apr) as these regions rotate well away from the west limb. 

Solar Wind / Geomagnetic Activity: There is a risk of CMEs passing close to Earth throughout the period, largely missing ahead and to the south of our orbit. The greatest potential for any impacts is thought likely to be later Day 2 into early Day 3 (26-27 Apr). Otherwise solar winds are currently at background levels. Two coronal holes in the western disc are likely to bring an increase in wind speeds during this period, most probably during Day 2, with wind speeds perhaps reaching 500-550 km/s.

Overall, geomagnetic activity is likely to be Quiet to Unsettled at first. This has the potential to become Unsettled to Active with a chance of G1/Minor Storm intervals, either under CME or fast wind influence, or perhaps a combination of both. The risk should decline into Day 4 (28 Apr).

Energetic Particles / Solar Radiation: The count rate of energetic particles (high energy protons) is likely to persist at background levels, but with a slight chance of reaching the S1/Minor Radiation Storm level throughout this period.

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Solar imagery

SDO AIA-193

This channel highlights the outer atmosphere of the Sun - called the corona - as well as hot flare plasma. Hot active regions, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections will appear bright here. The dark areas - called coronal holes - are places where very little radiation is emitted, yet are the main source of solar wind particles.

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SDO AIA-304

This channel is especially good at showing areas where cooler dense plumes of plasma (filaments and prominences) are located above the visible surface of the Sun. Many of these features either can't be seen or appear as dark lines in the other channels. The bright areas show places where the plasma has a high density.

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